Chuyện kể về một bi kịch - st Options

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Chuyện kể về một bi kịch

Tây Tạng, một đất nước có lịch sử lâu đời, có nền văn hóa, phong tục, tập quán riêng biệt với tiếng nói và chữ viết riêng biệt đã bị Hán tộc tìm mọi cách để xâm lăng kể từ thế kỷ 18 và cuối cùng sát nhập vào lãnh thổ Tàu từ năm 1950. Hàng triệu người Tây Tạng bị giết. Tu viện, chùa chiền bị san bằng. Xã hội và văn hóa Tây Tạng bị hủy diệt, bị Hán hóa.

Chuyện đã cũ, cách nay hơn nửa thế kỷ nhưng dư âm của nó vẫn còn vang vọng đến Việt Nam. Tôi đã đánh bắt được những âm thanh này. Âm thanh của từng đoàn xe tăng chở bọn người Hán ngang nhiên băng qua biên giới Việt Nam, tiến thẳng vào Hà Nội trên những con đường do chính người Việt Nam lót sẵn để đón chúng: hành lang kinh tế Côn Minh – Hà Nội – Hải Phòng. Âm thanh của hàng ngàn tấn bom đạn rớt xuống các thành phố, chúng được bắn đi từ Hoàng Sa và Trường Sa. Âm thanh của những kẻ xâm lăng man rợ dí họng súng vào đầu người dân Việt, bắt họ phải phục tùng, bắn giết họ không thương tiếc. Âm thanh của tiếng đập phá. Âm thanh của những cây cổ thụ ngã xuống ở Tây Nguyên. Âm thanh của những vò rượu cần bị đập vỡ. Âm thanh của dòng bùn đỏ ầm ầm đổ xuống đồng bằng. Âm thanh của những phụ nữ bị hãm hiếp. Âm thanh của những kẻ mất nước sợ hãi trốn chạy… Âm thanh của thứ tiếng lạ: tiếng Tàu, tràn ngập khắp bờ cõi Việt Nam.

Việt Nam đã từng bị giặc Tàu đô hộ. Đó là lịch sử.

Việt Nam sẽ bị giặc Tàu đô hộ lần nữa. Đó là sự thật.

Những bài học lịch sử viết trên giấy có lẽ không thuyết phục được người đọc bằng những thước phim ghi lại:

* Hình ảnh của kẻ xâm lược: tham lam, hung hăng, tàn ác và có tính toán, chuẩn bị kỹ lưỡng trước khi xâm lược.
* Hình ảnh của quốc gia bị xâm lược: mê muội, lạc hậu, hoàn toàn không biết dã tâm của kẻ thù để cuối cùng nhận lấy cảnh nước mất, nhà tan.

Tây Tạng – Chuyện kể về một bi kịch đã ghi lại được những hình ảnh đó.

Các bước tiến hành và thủ đoạn xâm lăng Tây Tạng đang được áp dụng để xâm lăng Việt Nam, dĩ nhiên với phiên bản mới có cải tiến và tinh vi hơn.

Các mưu kế của Tàu nhắm vào Việt Nam coi như đã thành công với sự tiếp tay của những kẻ phản quốc: chương trình hợp tác “Hai hành lang, một vành đai”, bauxite Tây Nguyên, rừng đầu nguồn, các dự án trọng điểm quốc gia, các “hiệp ước”, “hiệp định” về biên giới và lãnh hải.

Khi đại đa số dân chúng Việt Nam phải lăn lộn để kiếm ăn hàng ngày; phải đối phó với lũ lụt, thiên tai, bệnh tật; khi mà an cư lạc nghiệp, an sinh xã hội còn là những điều nằm mơ còn chưa thấy; khi mà mọi thông tin về an nguy của quốc gia đều bị nhà cầm quyền bưng bít; và trầm trọng hơn hết là mọi thể hiện và hành động yêu nước của người dân bị chính nhà cầm quyền, một thiểu số bán rẻ dân tộc ngăn cấm thì “Tây Tạng – Chuyện kể về một bi kịch” không bao lâu nữa sẽ được đổi thành “Việt Nam – Chuyện kể về một bi kịch”. Chắc không có người Việt Nam nào muốn coi bộ phim này (nếu có).

Tài liệu tham khảo :

Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm

Tibet (Wikipedia)

Xin mời mọi người thưởng thức phim: Tây Tạng – Chuyện kể về một bi kịch (Tibet The Story Of A Tragedy)

Dưới đây là phụ đề tiếng Anh

Tibet The Story Of A Tragedy

00:07 There lives in Tibet, a nation of oppressed people in the process of being distroyed secretly and silently over the past 45 years.

00:52 It is a faraway and mysterious country inaccessible for a long time and often forbidding. It is an immense plateau at an altitude of 4000m, surrounded by deserts and the highest mountains in the world.

01:08 Among the first images of Tibet were these, filmed in 1938 by a scientific mission undertaken by Germany’s Third Reich.

01:50 This Schafer mission was made up of meticulous and determined scientists. To understand what they were seeing everything had to be measured. Everything.

02:28 The images reveal the innocent and easygoing happiness of an isolated society, poor, dynamic and violence free. The religion was Buddhism and the people lived in a feudal structure ruled by monks and several lords.

02:50 The holy city Lhasa is in the centre of Tibet along the river of happiness, along with the Potala palace.

3:25 Welcome to all strangers. Several days after his arrival, Schafer filmed the New Year’s celebrations.

03:45 The oracle was carried by the monks all in a trance. The oracle was consulted for the New Year. The ceremony attracted thousands of pilgrims from all over Tibet, and from China, Mongolia, Nepal, and India.

04:19 The images would have viewers believe that nothing had changed since the time of Genghis Khan, neither the gold and ceremonial costumes, nor the quiet pride of the lords. It could’ve been Genghis Khan’s court.

04:47 The country was ruled at that point by a regent. The 13th Dali Lama had been dead 5 years, after 50 years of rule. At the top of a feudal hierarchy he held total power. He was always the reincarnation of the previous Dali Lama. When he died, in turn he would be reincarnated in a young boy whom the monks would seek out from village to village and would recognize by secret signs.

05:26 In 1940, an Englishmen filmed in colour the arrival of the royal court, and the royal golden chair, in which the 14th Dali Lama was carried. He had been discovered by the monks 3 years earlier among the children of a poor farmer’s family. This was his first time in the Lhasa palace.

06:18 It was the first visit by a foreign dignitary Sir Basil Gould, the ambassador of Great Britain. Barely visible in the shadows, surrounded by advisors was the 14th Dali Lama, a 5 year old child. Could he imagine what the future would bring.

06:50 With the ambassador and the court, came the official presents. A pedal car for his brother. There was all the gold and the colours of the attire of the aristocrats, and lady Gould. Since the beginning of the century, Great Britain, the major imperial power had kept a close watch on Tibet’s independence. Necessary to maintain regional political balance there were two major regions. Northern: inner Tibet under Chinese influence, and Southern in central outer Tibet, autonomous and independent. 6 million Tibetans lived in a country 5 times as large as France. They were surrounded to the north and the south by two thirds of the world’s population. They had been invaded several times by regional powers who sought to dominate them. In spite of this, they managed to keep their cultural independence and their autonomy. In Europe and in China, war had broken out. But here that was all far away.

08:29 Austrian mountain climber Heinrich Harrer, crossed the Himalayas and reached forbidden Tibet. He became a friend of the Dali Lama. These were images that he took. Between the winter and summer palaces, the inner circle of the Dali Lama carried on.

09:18 In his golden chair, he knew nothing of the outside world. The war changed the world’s balance in India, Ghandi launched the movement for independence. The British empire was coming apart. In 1947 the viceroy of India had told Tibetans that great Britain could no longer guarantee an accord signed in the past. One last time, Harrer filmed the new year’s celebration.

11:17 The oracle was again carried by the monks. He made his predictions. Sending the year gone by into the past. In 1949 the Long March in China ended. The peoples republic came into being. Very quickly, Mao urged Tibetans to free themselves of feudal rule. Harrer had filmed the last rituals of a condemned society.

12:35 The young Dali Lama was increasingly facing threats. Warned of the danger, the monks decided to crown him 2 years before the normal age, he had just turned 15. As the crowning ceremony was taking place in Lhasa, history was on the move. Three Chinese armies under the order of …Xiao Lin Chiao crossed the Yangtze Jiang, and rowed towards Tibet to guarantee their security against the plans of the imperialist Americans. The Chinese had never been happy with the accord signed with Great Britain for Tibet’s independence because they had invaded it in the past. China always considered Tibet as a province. Mao waited fewer than 100 days to make his intentions known. Announcing “the Tibetan people will return to the family of the mother country”.

13:58 An expedition was launched to open the roads, build bridges, and cross passes at an altitude of more than 5000 meters.

14:57 The troops came from all over.

15:33 They took almost a year to get to the border of autonomous Tibet. The fighting lasted only a short time.

16:33 Outnumbered by 10 to 1, poorly armed with no battle plans, the tiny Tibetan army was crushed. The pretext for the intervention was the presence of a foreign army: 6 advisors and a radio man, Robert Ford. Just before being captured, he was able to warn Lhasa of the imminent danger. The decision was taken to send the Dali Lama away to safety. Somewhere near the Indian border. With him went a part of the royal treasure. Containers of gold powder. This had already been done during other invasions in the past.

17:52 From the north and the east, the Chinese troops converged on Lhasa. 200 km from there, laid the city of Shigatze, Tibet’s second city, the home of the panchen lamas. The panchen lama was also the reincarnation of his predecessor, and was number two in the hierarchy of political and religious power. He was 14 years old, and was totally dependent on the opinions and the plotting of his advisors. He became the point man of the communists. He wrote “Mao, Tibet is with you”. 9 months later, a unit of the peoples army took up residence in Lhasa. There were 20 thousand soldiers for 50 thousand Tibetans. The seizures, punishment, and famine began. Nothing would ever be the same. Propaganda showed off Tibet as free, and Chinese, a nation among others in a large family of greater China.

19:29 The first meeting between a political official and the Dali Lama who had returned to Lhasa was filmed for propaganda purposes. In Beijing, emissaries of the Tibetan government, signed under pressure, a 17 point accord. That the Chinese then ratified with a false Dali Lama stamp.

19:51The accord called for the maintaining of Tibetan cultural and religious identity. Independence was gone, but the authority of the Dali Lama was carried on. The panchen lama discovered the new rituals. The unending speeches and propaganda. And all the constraints that came with collaboration.

20:55 War was on in Korea, Tibet was not a hot spot in the cold war, abandoned by India and the Western powers, Tibet did the best it could with the so called peaceful liberation by China, the illusion did not last long. 2 years later, the Chinese forced the Dali Lama to send away his main ministers and advisors he assumes sole responsibility for the government; by now and isolated body. Along with the panchen lama and the Chinese political officers.

21:50 The panchen lama came to Lhasa for the first time, and finally met the Dali Lama. They were 17 and 16 years old.

22:16 Invited by Mao to visit Beijing, the Dali Lama left Lhasa on Jul 11 /1954, though the people begged him not to go. They were afraid he would never be able to return.

22:54 It was the first time he had left Tibet. The voyage was a long one. More than 5000 km.

Arrival at the Chinese border.

23:33 The Dali Lama took the train for the first time. The delegation visited the forbidden city.

24:06 The Dali Lama and panchen lama met with Mao several times. And celebrated their 20th birthdays in Beijing. In spite of the polite appearances, pressure was being put on the guests. Pressure about the gifts of communism. Mao personally told the Dali Lama about the reform measures to rule over Tibet, including a preparatory committee.

25:05 And there were deputies in the national assembly. The Dali Lama said his goodbyes to the panchen lama and left bejiing after spending almost one year there.

25:33 With no news, Lhasa thought he had been taken prisoner. But his return in a jeep with no ceremony showed off the real reason for the journey. To turn the god king into an ordinary Chinese civil servant.

26:09 The panchen lama wearing a suit was kept like a hostage in Beijing.

26:27 Then came the next stage of the Chinese plan. The conquest of “The house of riches of the West”, the Chinese name for Tibet.

26:56 First came strategic routes up to the border with India, 2500 km of new roads. It was rough going to bring the modern world to this difficult environment. The walls of the Tibetan fortress were opened, ending the protection offered by the highest mountains in the world. The east was red and the sun was rising. Mao bought electricity. Books were taken from the monasteries and burned, erasing the past. It was a direct road between Beijing and Lhasa. In 1956 the Dali Lama went to India. Invited by Nehru to celebrate the birthday of Buddha.

28:41The Buddha experienced his awakening under this tree. It was a return to the roots of Buddhism. The panchem lama also made the voyage. It was a return to Buddhist routes but also a diplomatic voyage for the Dali Lama who asked for help against the Chinese invasion and was refused.

29:38 While they were visiting the main Buddhist sites in India, far away in Tibet, the revolt had already begun in the provinces where Chinese oppression was heaviest. The voyage was about to end for the Dali Lama and the panchem lama. How could they know their paths were about to separate forever.

30:22 This was the Chinese method, it began in school and continued on, in the camps. The huge parcels of land belonging to the monasteries were grouped together and redistributed. Growing techniques were changed, and then the temples and monasteries were destroyed. Religious practises were made illegal. Arrests and purges became increasingly frequent. Traditional agriculture was ruined. And the first famines began. Over 3 years rioting against oppression had increased in the central provinces. The resistance was becoming organized. The large remaining monasteries were the last oases against colonization.

31:52 The Dala Lama was 22 years old. He took his last exams before being awarded his full religious attribution. He developed the same gestures with his hands to emphasize his questions and answers. From monastery to monastery.

32:40 Dali Lama means ocean of wisdom. The last illusion that Tibet could live freely with its cultures and beliefs was shattered. With attacks and ambushes the revolt continued.

33:12 The resistance has spread all the way to Lhasa. The Chinese army struck back but Dali Lama condemned violence of any kind in his messages. He was warned, it was time to leave. During the night of March 17th. he put on a Chinese uniform and with almost no escorts he left the palace. Destination unknown. The inhabitants of Lhasa rose up 20 thousand civilians against 40 thousand Chinese soldiers. The rioting lasted 3 days. It was put down violently and rapidly. Freedom was gone. The resistance had ended. Propaganda footage was shot to discredit the monks. There were thousands of deaths. More than 10,000 in Lhasa and at least 100,000 throughout the country. Everything was destroyed.

34:57 The Dali Lama was hiding in the mountains.

35:17 The Chinese were looking for him. Saying he had been kidnapped by counter revolutionaries. The hiding outlasted 3 weeks. By the end of March he was in India. The Tibetan government was no more. Lhasa was under siege, and silent. Welcomed by Nehru, the Dali Lama began life in exile. He has lived in exile ever since. The Dali Lama desperately tried to tell the whole world about the genocide and repression taking place in Tibet. The panchen lama was still a hostage and the official Tibetan leader named by the Chinese. He renounced collaborating with the Chinese several times and 5 years later offered his public support to the Dali Lama. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison and then house arrest in Beijing. Tibet was completely annexed. The Chinese army continued South to straighten out its border with India which was now directly threatened. The future of the world was being played out elsewhere. In Berlin, and in Cuba. The cold war had little to do with India and Tibet. Nehru faced a war and was dealt a sharp defeat. The results were clear. The eastern provinces became a part of China. Only the former autonomous region kept the name Tibet, a means of isolating it.

38:11 Then came the continuation of the Chinese method. But the Chinese propaganda did not show the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. Of exhaustion and hunger. There was terror, torture, and rape. Monks were crucified burned and buried alive. Children were forced to kill their own parents. People fled across the mountains to escape the horror and the famine ravaging the country for more than 3 years.

40:14 More than 100,000 people were able to join the Dali Lama in India. At Dharamsala he established a Tibetan government in exile and on March 10th 1963 announced a democratic constitution. The violence and acts of resistance continued. They were known as the special border force, a Tibetan underground commando unit trained and maintained by the CIA.

41:35 Crossing the mountain path, there was a moment for prayers.

42:07 There was fighting and ambushes, typical partisan guerrilla warfare. For the Dali Lama, this was not the right path. His message broadcasted on the radio reminded Tibetans that violence was contrary to Buddhist principles and that he opposed it.

43:13 During this time the Red Guards reached Tibet. The last monasteries and temples still standing were razed to the ground. The cultural revolution continued another 10 years. It resulted in 1million deaths. 1 out of every 6 Tibetan. These were the ruins of the monastery of Ganden one of the largest home to thousands of monks. An entire society and its cultures were destroyed. In 1972 the cold war was evolving. US president Richard Nixon visited Beijing. China had become a member of the United Nations a year earlier. The uprisings, repression, and famine continued in Tibet. But the borders had to be opened slightly, the bamboo curtain had to be opened for a glimpse.

44:32 For the first time, the Chinese authorized a visit by a group of Tibetans waiting in exile. They had been waiting so long for this moment. The Dali Lama’s family was there.

45:08 People came from faraway regions to see them, to touch them.

45:48 Nothing had been forgotten.

46:14 Never believe the Chinese, never. Tell the Dali Lama not to come back.

46:34 These images scared the Chinese. They learned that 20 years of exile, repression and re-education had not lessened the prestige of the Dali Lama.

47:03 Then came the next step in the Chinese method. After the genocide came massive colonization. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese settlers invaded Tibet. In 1980 Lhasa became a Chinese city.

47:37 10 years later without counting the occupation troops, ethnic Chinese inhabitants outnumbered the Tibetans who have become a minority in their own city. Checks and balances worldwide continued to evolve. Human rights had become a cold war issue. Addressing the US senate, the Dali Lama proposed transforming Tibet into a peace zone and called for negotiations with China.

48:38 Posters appeared on the walls of Lhasa copying the favourable response of the US senate. Very little was needed to awaken the hope and courage needed to display the Tibetan flag for the first time in 30 years. Three days later thousands of people demonstrated for independence and the departure of Chinese troops.

49:34 The gatherings were repeated 6 months and then a year later.

50:09 Chinese security forces went into action.

50:53 In Dharamsala, people held a silent demonstration.

51:14 In 1989 the Dali Lama received the Nobel peace prize in Oslo.

51:36 In Beijing the panchen lama died.

52:22 The Berlin wall came down, and McDonalds was in Moscow. In spite of the fact that Holiday Inn opened a hotel in Lhasa, there was no freedom for Tibetans. Their world was ruled by the Chinese, overwhelmed by millions of Chinese settlers. The remnants of Tibetan society hanging between life and death are waiting to be saved.

The End.

A film by Ludovic Segarra

Written by Jean Michel Meurice

Editing Dominique Petitjean

Research and documentation Fred Bitoun, Emmanuelle Doyon

Video editing Claude Etienne

Alignment Patrick Cavrois

Mixing Lionel Thiriet

Assistant Fred Bitoun

Executive producer France 3TV – Nancy

www.tibet-info.net

www.tibet.com

Maison du Tibet 84, boulevard Adolphe Pinard 75014 Paris